Lake Henshaw is one of those beautifully protected areas where visitors can still get an idea how…read morewild California actually was hundreds or even thousands of years ago. That is because 43,000 acres of land are protected.
Vista Irrigation District began its water resourcing here in 1923. The area celebrated the arrival of the first water from Lake Henshaw on February 27, 1926. Following the arrival of water, crops of all kinds were planted in increasing numbers, and the Vista area became known as the "Avocado Capital of the World," with six avocado packing houses in the area. During this time Henshaw was operating under the San Diego Water Company, however in June, 1946, after several years of negotiations, Vista Irrigation District purchased them. Included in the purchase was the 43,000 acre Warner Ranch, a former Spanish Land Grant, which includes Henshaw Dam and Lake Henshaw. Purchase of these facilities was purely economic, in that it was a result of a search for cheaper water for the District.
However, Lake Henshaw was not always a lake but instead was part of Quechla, also known as the San Luis Rey River. The river begins in the Cleveland National Forest and runs mostly along Highway 76, spitting out into the ocean in the town Oceanside.
Historically, this river has provided water for Indigenous bands of both the Kumeyaay and Luiseño tribes, which include the Rincon, La Jolla, Pauma, Pala, and San Pasqual people. When the bands were forced onto reservations as a result of the Mission Indian Relief Act, they were intentionally put in areas with access to water so they could grow crops.
Almost as soon as the reservations were formed, the government entered into a contract with William G. Henshaw. Henshaw wanted to build a storage dam and reservoir at Warner's Ranch on the Upper Quechla, with the intent of diverting river water for further irrigation. In protest of the dam's construction, local Indians went to court to contest the legality of the contract. The United States Government ruled in favor of Henshaw, and a dam to hold back approximately 200,000 acre feet of water was built.
The water went from Lake Henshaw to Lake Wohlford, then flowed into Dixon Lake (which interestingly is filled with imported water) Those two sources are mixed at a water treatment facility next to the lake and then taken by flume to the people of Vista and Escondido.
Not soon after it was noticed that during episodes of severe drought, the water would hardly flow through the reservations and their wells would dry up. In 1950 46 Indian bands, including the Rincon, La Jolla, Pauma, Pala, and San Pasqual, initiated proceedings in the Indian Claims Commission which would pay damages to the Indians from the government for failure to protect their land and water rights. In addition to damages, the Indians asked for access to Quechla's water so they could develop their own lands agriculturally. It was Senator Alan Cranston that introduced Senate Bill 1507 which provided for settlement of Indigenous claims against the U.S. Government and the City of Escondido. Unfortunately the bill never made it off the Senate floor.
The continued fight for their water rights took 50 years to come to justice but finally they drank in victory. In 1967, Robert Pelcyger was a newly minted lawyer who knew little about the rights of Native Americans and even less about water rights. Then he met Patty Durro, a young woman from the Rincon Band of Luiseno Indians in northern San Diego County who was determined to reclaim her tribe's share of the San Luis Rey River. She changed his life and the fortunes of five North County tribes that had been robbed of the water they had been promised by the government. But, it took Pelcyger 50 years to right the wrong.
In May 2017, there was a settlement agreed upon. The San Luis Rey Indian Water Rights Settlement Act now guarantees the 5 bands equal annual access to more than 5 billion gallons of Colorado River water. Should they not need all of the water, the agreement is that they must sell the excess water back to the cities of Vista and Escondido at market rates.
Sadly, most of the elders that were originally fighting for the water rights never got to witness the feat. But it was never about instant gratification, instead, it was about creating better living situations for the future generations.
Today, the lake stays around 40% capacity due to it being on a fault line, but is home to people killing algae (absolutely no swimming permitted), amazing fly fishing and many amazing raptors including a mated pair of Bald Eagles.